There are several factors that can contribute to the onset of sudden heartburn. These include:

• Dietary triggers: Certain foods and beverages, such as spicy foods, citrus fruits, tomato-based products, caffeine, and alcohol, can trigger heartburn symptoms.
• Acid reflux and GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid regularly flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn symptoms.
• Medication side-effects: Certain medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and some antibiotics, can irritate the lining of the esophagus and lead to heartburn.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and the growing uterus can put pressure on the stomach, leading to heartburn during pregnancy.
• Smoking: Smoking weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscle that keeps stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus, increasing the risk of heartburn.
• Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus and cause heartburn.
• Aging: As we age, the production of stomach acid decreases, making us more susceptible to heartburn.
• Pressure on the abdomen: Being overweight or obese, wearing tight clothing, and lying down or bending over after a meal can increase abdominal pressure and contribute to heartburn.
• Anxiety: Stress and anxiety can increase stomach acid production and worsen heartburn symptoms.
• Stomach ulcer: An open sore or erosion in the stomach lining can cause a burning sensation that mimics heartburn.

When sudden heartburn might be serious

If you're experiencing sudden or persistent heartburn, there are several measures you can take to manage your symptoms:

• Identify and avoid triggers: Keep a food diary to identify foods and beverages that trigger your heartburn symptoms, and try to avoid them.
• Eat smaller, more frequent meals: Instead of large meals, opt for smaller, more frequent meals to reduce the pressure on your stomach.
• Avoid lying down or bending over after a meal: Wait at least two to three hours after eating before lying down or bending over.
• Elevate the head of your bed: Use pillows or a wedge to elevate the head of your bed by six to eight inches to prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus.
• Avoid tight clothing: Tight clothing, especially around the abdomen, can increase abdominal pressure and contribute to heartburn.
• Avoid smoking and alcohol: Smoking weakens the lower esophageal sphincter and increases stomach acid production, while alcohol can irritate the esophagus and trigger heartburn.
• Manage stress and anxiety: Practice stress-reducing techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga, to help control heartburn symptoms.
• Over-the-counter medications: Antacids, such as Tums or Rolaids, can provide temporary relief from heartburn symptoms. H2 blockers, such as famotidine or ranitidine, can reduce stomach acid production and provide longer-lasting relief.

Seeing a provider for worsening heartburn

If your heartburn symptoms worsen or persist despite lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications, it may be time to see a healthcare provider. They can evaluate your symptoms, perform diagnostic tests if necessary, and recommend stronger medications or other treatment options, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or surgery, to manage your heartburn.

Summary

Sudden heartburn can be a frustrating and uncomfortable experience. While occasional heartburn is usually not a cause for concern, persistent or worsening heartburn may require medical attention. By identifying and avoiding triggers, adopting lifestyle changes, and seeking medical advice when necessary, you can effectively manage your heartburn symptoms and improve your overall quality of life.